And while Emma and Scott were shown together a lot, I didn't think they started dating until last year. Prior to them, she was just helping and supporting him.
You can also debate that Season 9 and 10 of SG1 were a separate series due to the massive re-shuffling of everything.
But to answer your questions.
1.) Since Schism last December
2.) Red Hulk: during the Heroic Age 2010. Beast: Since the 70s
3.) Sometime last year I think
4.) during Fear Itself
5.) After Schism
6.) I couldn't tell ya
But yea... Most of those have been in recent times so you have no missed much. It is fairly easy to get caught up.
However, looking at the cover I have no idea who is on who side anymore as a few of Team Wolverine seems to be on the X-men side, So I guess we will just have to wait and see.
You want to know more, read Ben Bova's Moonrise & Moonwar (and other books from the Grand Tour series). It may be fiction, but there is a lot of fact in it.