The syringe has been around since the 9th century, thanks to the Iraqi/Egyptian physician Ammar ibn 'Ali al-Mawsili', though he used it exclusively to remove cataracts from the eyes of his patients. Intravenous injection using syringes didn't come into vogue until the mid 1700s. Likewise, the first high-pressure jet injectors were not intended to deliver drugs - they were grease guns or components of diesel engines, and their accidental application to human bodies was anything but painless.

The Ped-O-Jet, a foot-powered jet injection vaccinator.

In 1960 the medical jet-injector, the Ped-O-Jet, was developed for vaccination against smallpox - predating Star Trek's hypospray by several years. Not exactly painless, but invaluable for quick, mass-injections or vaccinations. The "Ped" referred to the power supply - a foot-powered pump. Its reusable tip made is less expensive, but led to concerns that infections could be passed from one patient to subsequent patients. More compact improvements like the Jtip, Biojector, or PenJet make it possible to self-administer flu vaccines and migraine medication.

Needle or no, shooting liquids into your flesh at high speed is not guaranteed to be painless, and some users complain of bruising and soreness. The MicroJet uses a piezoelectric actuator to repeatedly deliver more precisely controlled volumes of liquid. The very thin streams of liquid produced by the MicroJet reduce the area of skin affected by the injection and (with a little luck and the right settings) reduce pain.

A MicroJet in action.

When a drug can penetrate the skin or mucous membranes on its lonesome, an inhaler or topical application of the drug in a cream or a transdermal patch will do. Topical applications are painless, but not every pharmaceutical can penetrate the skin without help. The SonoPrep uses ultrasound to permeabilize an area of skin, making it temporarily possible for drugs to seep through skin that would typically block it from entry.

Microelectricalmechanical systems (MEMS) devices are another alternative. Instead of one big injection, why not lots of tiny ones? Microneedle devices look and feel like a patch, but they actually consist of hundreds of microneedles that can be programmed to deliver drugs steadily and painlessly.

Lilliputian microneedle jabs.

NanoPumps deliver insulin slowly enough that large-scale injections are unnecessary, regulating blood insulin levels with steady, constant flow.

An insulin NanoPump.

While many of these drug delivery methods are far less painful than a needle stick, I love a challenge - how about a pleasurable drug delivery method? Look no further than edible vaccines produced by genetically modified food. No matter how picky an eater you are, it's preferable to an injection.

Do you have questions you've always wanted to ask a biogeek? You can email me.

Can you speculate on what a silicon based lifeform might look like? What would an "organic chemistry" look like for silicon, instead of carbon?

Life on earth is (so far as we know) exclusively carbon-based. Thanks to its position on the periodic table, carbon can comfortably form bonds with up to four other elements - including other carbon atoms - allowing it to form a wide variety of complicated molecules necessary for terrestrial life. Silicon, being right below carbon on the periodic table, is chemically similar in many ways, leading science fiction authors to consider the possibility of life with a biochemistry that switches out carbon in favor of silicon.

In 1894 H. G. Wells wrote:

One is startled towards fantastic imaginings by such a suggestion: visions of silicon-aluminium organisms – why not silicon-aluminium men at once? – wandering through an atmosphere of gaseous sulphur, let us say, by the shores of a sea of liquid iron some thousand degrees or so above the temperature of a blast furnace.

Since then writers have imagined silicon-based creatures as diverse as Star Trek's Horta and the Xenomorph (though I may be cheating here, since it's unclear how rigidly the xenomorph adheres to silicon-only biochemistry).

"I'm a doctor, not a bricklayer!" - a clear example of carbon chauvinism.

Silicon is also a major component in microchips, so one can make a case that an artificial intelligence would be a silicon-based lifeform. So, which is more likely - stumbling upon silicon-based biochemistry out there amongst the stars, or creating life that thinks with silicon-based microchips here on earth?

Silicon is the most abundant element (barring oxygen) in the earth's crust. If silicon is so chemically similar to carbon and it's so readily available, why aren't we silicon-based? Silicon is routinely used by carbon-based lifeforms, but while (for example) diatoms (a type of algae) make their cell walls out of silica, carbon in is the backbone of their DNA, their proteins, and the basis of their biochemistry. Silicon is just along for the ride.

The answer involves subtle differences between carbon and silicon chemistry. While carbon and silicon can theoretically form very similar kinds of structures, complicated carbon-based molecules tend to the stable, while complicated silicon-based molecules tend to fall apart (especially in water).

There's a major waste disposal issue as well - carbon dioxide is a gas, and silicon dioxide (sand) is a solid. When we metabolize oxygen, we produce carbon dioxide as a waste product, but it dissolves easily in our blood for rapid waste management. If, on the other hand, we produced sand internally with every breath, chaffing would be the least of our worries. Most silicon molecules also lack chirality (or "handedness"), which is a hallmark of terrestrial carbon-based life, but not necessarily a deal-breaker.

I won't go so far as to say that there's no such thing as a silicon-based biochemistry. As Arthur C. Clarke said, "When [a distinguished and elderly] states that something is impossible, he is very probably wrong." Being relatively young and almost completely undistinguished, my odds would be even worse. I will say that, if a silicon-based biochemistry exists, it probably doesn't use silicon the way we use carbon, and we might even have a difficult time recognizing it as life (unless it mind-melds with Spock).

Though silicon would be the basis for a chancy biochemistry, it makes (in part) a fine integrated circuit. As computation and storage become less expensive, our knowledge of how living things think has expanded, thanks mostly to increasingly powerful experimental techniques. Our brains are Gordian Knots of neurons; a tangle of cunningly interconnected cells from which consciousness arises. If we'd like to replicate that consciousness in silico, we need to do more than untie the Gordian knot - we need to somehow ascertain which strands of the intact knot interact to understand and reproduce the brain's wiring.

Alexander the Great's solution is pretty close to the mark, though he'd have needed a thinner sword. First, you section the brain into microscopically thin slices, then you image the slices. Reconstruct the images into a 3D model and you might be able to tease out which neurons communicated with each other.

A fruit fly brain - an image that took 10 months to produce.

It's also possible to help distinguish individual neurons by coaxing neurons to fluoresce different colors, a technique aptly called a brainbow.

The amazing technicolor brainbow.

Once you have a wiring diagram for the neurons in a brain, you can run a computational model of how they'd interact. Today it takes a supercomputer like Blue Brain to simulate even part of a rat's brain, but that part (the neocortal column) looks to be reacting much like a real rat's would.

A virtual rat neocortal column, according to Blue Brain.

I expect that the first silicon-based life will be a simulation of carbon-based life. While our brains rely on their three dimensional structure, ion channels, and neurotransmitters to do the grunt work of consciousness, a simulated brain could achieve the same end result without the benefit of carbon. With a little luck these exacting imaging studies will become become possible without having to chop a brain into thousands of thin slices.

When that day arrives, you'll see me stocking up on hard drives.

Want to ask Terry a question? Email him!

As a biologist who studies whole organisms and populations, I find that more and more of biology (in terms of funding, positions and emphasis) is going to the sub-organismal level. We now have lots of cell biologists, geneticists, neurologists, biochemists, biomechanics, bioengineers and so on, but not a lot of behaviorists, population ecologists, biodemographers and others who study the emergent properties that arise at the higher levels of organization. What role, if any, do you foresee for understanding of these higher level biological phenomena in the future sci-fi-ish stuff?

As far as emerging biotechnology goes, science fiction grapples more frequently (if not always very seriously) with issues of organismal or ecological impact than the scientific establishment. There are good reasons for this. Ecological ruminations are a tradition for the authors, and the scientists have - until quite recently - been limited by technical considerations. As a scientist, I hope the title Planetary Ecologist will go on someone's tax return someday.

A Sandworm of Arrakis, from Frank Herbert's Dune.

Some would say that Frank Herbert's Dune was the beginning of ecological science fiction, but its roots go much deeper than that. Every time an author has imagined an alien world and then tried to fill it with beings capable of surviving on it, that author is grappling with issues of ecology, and every time an author has decided how those aliens would act, they were engaging in a bit of recreational behaviorism. Herbert elevated the tone and raised the bar, no doubt, but there is a long-standing tradition of biological and behavioral what-if in SF. The rise of environmentalism coupled with another favorite SF theme - dystopianism - brought us the environmental disaster subgenre, from the ridiculous The Day After Tomorrow to more thoughtful treatments like David Brin's Earth or the works of Kim Stanley Robinson.

Mars (with a little terraforming and a lot of luck).

While there are (of course) ecologists in the scientific community, there are very few thus far that bridge the gap between research at the molecular level and ecologies larger than a tissue culture dish. This is not to imply that ecologists are ignorant of molecular biology; the field has generated far too many useful tools for that. The bioengineers and cell biologists who are designing new organisms at the molecular level, on the other hand, are not always well versed in the basics of ecology and evolution. They are necessarily focused on what one scientist has called the molecular sociology of the cell.

Up until quite recently it would have been ludicrous to expect a molecular biologist to consider the higher-level environmental interactions of, for example, a particular gene, because he or she was still trying to figure out (at a molecular level) what the damn gene did to the cell itself. Take a peek at the inner life of a cell (if you haven't seen if before). A single cell is a giant bag of confusion. Trying to sort out web of interactions between the thousands of molecules present in hundreds of compartments using the technology at hand has been compared to figuring out the rules for a game of football using only pictures of the field (that only show certain players) at various times. This is why many researchers like to work with single cells instead of a cell in its natural environment, whatever that is - the cell alone is complicated enough. Experimental limitations or therapeutic concerns often require an intimate knowledge of a single organism's physiology, effectively tying a researcher to a single animal. Heinlein said, "Specialization is for insects". I would add grad students to the list.

Take E. coli as an example. We've had its genome sequenced for over a decade. Type its name into Google Scholar and you'll find over 1.5 million hits. Yet programming this bacteria - synthetic biology - is still a difficult and time-consuming process. When The University of Texas at Austin's entered their light-sensitive pigment-producing bacteria biofilm in the intercollegiate Genetically Engineered Machine (iGEM) contest, they realized that their achievement barely scratched the surface - that the "program" they'd written into the bacteria was relatively simple compared to the programming it already used to survive. In recognition of this fact, they produced perhaps my favorite "Hello world" program ever.

10 GOTO e. coli 20 Hack it genetically to turn it into a light-sensitive film

It's also important to note that almost all of the engineered cells and organisms made today are never meant to be released in the environment (and wouldn't be likely to survive in it if they did). Those that aren't created purely for research purposes are typically meant to live in small, artificial, and easily replaceable ecologies, like bioreactors in a pharmaceutical company or fermenters in a winery.

Either the bacteria are doing what they've been programmed to or we have a serious Cthulhu problem.

Genetically modified foods are a special case, but as a special case they've already received the most attention by ecologists. GM organisms that are designed to move outside of the lab enter the purview of the ecologists.

While disciplines like bioinformatics combine computational and molecular biology with evolutionary studies, increasingly complicated bioengineered organisms designed for the wild will require the ability to effectively model the ecologies they were designed for. In brief, once we're good enough at figuring out how to make a cell jump or play dead, the next frontier of design will be figuring out when we want a cell to jump or play dead, considering its surroundings. Top image via Electro-Plankton.

Do you have questions you've always wanted to ask a biogeek? You can email me at tdj@io9.com.

As a disabled person whose body is basically falling apart (details too gross to go into), I've been wondering for a long time when I can get my cyborg transformation underway. What's the status of materials that are compatible with being implanted in the body?

The use of the term "cybernetic" hints at where the difficulty lies - traditionally, cybernetics is the study of the interactions within complex systems with an emphasis on feedback and control. The body is a terrifically complex system, which can be maddening to meddle with - surprisingly forgiving in some respects, infuriatingly recalcitrant in others.

Full disclosure - I'm a cyborg. I wear corrective lenses and shoes that modify my feet appropriately for an urban environment. It's not exactly Robocop, true, but according to the loosest definition, most of us already have a complicated relationship with technology blurring the line between "me" and "stuff." It's not a relationship that's going to get simpler. The relatively simple implants and prosthetics of today will soon give way to devices that interface more completely and naturally with the body. We have a number of biocompatible materials available to us already, from titanium to various polymers. They aren't perfect by any means, but the body can be surprisingly accommodating.

Sometimes you can avoid implantation altogether with an exoskeletal assist. A weakened body can recover some of its strength via an exoskeleton that senses an intended motion of the wearer and reinforces it.

Stark Enterprises and Apple present: the Iron Man.

For organs no longer present, there are robotic limbs that obey commands given by the mind. The bionic limb below senses commands from the wearer and (with a lot of practice) obeys. Obviously the connection between nerve and the robot limb is unusual, but the brain is pretty good at making unfamiliar signals familiar with use.

"They tell you to try and think as if you have two hands."

Even entire arms can be replaced, by rerouting the motor nerves that control the arm to the chest where they can be read by the robotic arm's shoulder mount.

A not-so-phantom limb.

Having a cybernetic limb sounds great until you consider how much you depend upon your sense of touch. Walking with a leg that's asleep is no mean feat, and have you ever tried to eat a meal fresh from the dentist before the novocane wears off? Sure, your shiny robot hand is sturdy, but the wineglass you want to pick up with it isn't - and just because the hand won't be damaged by that hot stove doesn't mean the flesh attached to your extremely conductive prosthesis won't be. The first thing they did after fitting Luke Skywalker with a replacement was test to see that he could feel with it.

"I will become a jedi, bite off more than I can chew, and get my hand lopped off...like my father before me."

When the sensory nerves connecting the brain to the missing limb are also rerouted to the chest, a touch on the patient's chest can feel like someone's brushing against fingers that are no longer there, or stretching skin that no longer exists. While the recovered sensations are currently somewhat random, further research into the phenomena along with a robot arm including sensors that feed back to the sensory nerves in the chest could give us cybernetic replacements capable of being tickled.

Astounding as these interfaces are, the devices themselves are still wearable - that is to say, removable. We won't neglect the truly implantable devices. For example, Matt Nagel, though quadriplegic, can use the 96 electrodes implanted into his motor cortex to move a cursor on a computer screen or command a robot arm by thought alone.

Matt Nagel wills his computer into action.

The senses have not been neglected, either. Though the resolution of existing bionic eye implants is as of yet only in the tens of pixels, these devices allow the wearers enough vision to dramatically improve their quality of life. No word yet on whether they'll come in mirrorshades.

A bionic retinal implant.

Finally, there is the cochlear implant, used regularly by over 100,000 people worldwide to directly stimulate the auditory nerves of the deaf or extremely hard of hearing. These have been around since the late '70s, but only recently has the technology become advanced and popular enough to encourage users to hack their own implants.

You'll know that the human-machine interface has truly arrived when the first thing you do post-implantation is replace the standard firmware with an open-source alternative.

Terry Johnson is a biology researcher at UC Berkeley and io9's resident biogeek. If you have a question you'd like Terry to answer, email him at: tdj@io9.com.

One of my favourite sci-fi conceits in the Vorkosigan works of Lois McMaster Bujold is the uterine replicator. Sticking a fetus in a regulated jar until it's come full term and I can get my new baby boy, girl or hermaphrodite without all the vomiting, constant peeing, strenuous pushing, pooping on the operating table, and possible endangerment to life, reproductive organs and blood sugar levels sounds like fucking bliss. When can you get that to me?

The design (and I use the term very loosely) of the female reproductive system leaves a lot to be desired. Having a baby has been a dangerous proposition for most of human history. Historically one out of every hundred births resulted in the death of the mother. Modern health care can reduce that mortality ratio to nearly 1 out of every 10,000 births, but it is not (and never will be) entirely safe.

While our large craniums and upright posture have their advantages, they make traveling the birth canal an ordeal. If you don't believe me, compare the size of the infant cranium (black rectangle) to the pelvic inlet (white rectangles) for humans and a few of our primate cousins.

This is why they call it "labor".

The geometry does more to engender sympathy than confidence. Artificial wombs have appeared variously in science fiction, from Aldous Huxley's Brave New World to Star Wars and The Matrix.

Adorable and energy-effective!

The Force may have a strong effect on the weak minded, but good luck trying to convince a few million surrogate mothers that bringing a Stormtrooper to term would be a joy.

These are not the wombs you're looking for.

Iain M. Banks' Culture novels, on the other hand, tend more towards "natural" births, though the mother's body has been extensively bioengineered for safety and choice. Culture citizens have conscious control over their own fertility, and can store a fertilized egg in stasis for years - their pregnancies have a snooze button.

Whether you'd prefer a new and improved reproductive system installed as a replacement for your own or external to yourself (say, next to the washing machine), there are a few recent advancements bringing it a step closer to reality. An emulsified liquid blood substitute called perflubron has had some success used as a replacement for amniotic fluid for premature babies in respiratory distress. It's not a complete replacement for the complex stew of hormones, lipids, and proteins normally present in the amniotic fluid, it is at least a promising way to get oxygen into developing lungs.

Believe me, the mouse is as surprised as you are.

Even if we had a tank filled with a healthy, fully-functional amniotic replacement, we'd need an organ to make use of it. Researchers at Cornell University's Center for Reproductive Medicine and Infertility have built primitive tissue engineered uteruses using cells donated by infertile patients. Human embryos (left over from in vitro fertilizations) successfully implanted upon these multilayered constructs and gestated for 10 days. After that the experiments were ended - full-term experiments with mice have had very mixed results, but even being able to implant upon such a device is a serious achievement.

Once these engineered uteruses are perfected, we'll presumably have the option of surgically implanting them. Uterus transplants in animals as large as ewes have demonstrated that they can, at least, be removed and re-implanted without loss of function. Attempts to do the same in humans have thus far failed, but we haven't stopped trying.

Combine a fully-functioning uterus with a setup like Tokyo's Juntendo University's and instead of transplantation you could achieve ectogenesis - fetal development outside of the human body. Their bioreactor could bring goats to term (not always successfully) by pumping in nutrients and removing waste. Of course, the goats still needed to do most of their developing in a natural womb, but combine this apparatus with a uterus engineered from your own tissue, and maybe you'd have initial implantation and the tail-end of pregnancy covered.

As surprising and weird as this all is, we're still many decades away from a safe, human uterine replicator that can bring an embryo from conception to zeroeth birthday party. Even once we've sorted out the technical aspects of the womb itself, we'll have to deal with what the rest of the mother's body contributes to development. Hormones have already been mentioned, but baby also borrows mommy's disease-fighting machinery. Our replicator will require nearly complete endocrine and immune systems, too.

All in all, I'd take a serious look at adoption.

Terry Johnson is a biology researcher at UC Berkeley and io9's resident biogeek. If you have a question you'd like Terry to answer, email him at: tdj@io9.com.

If not the medical tricorder from Star Trek, when could we possibly see diagnostic equipment capable of scanning for infections, viruses or impending heart attacks, attached to wrist watches or other portable devices?

If you're interested in your EKG or your glucose level, you may have to find a tricorder ringtone for your iPhone. Wearable heart monitors with Bluetooth are well on their way to market. Not only could a doctor remotely monitor a patient using a PocketPC such as the Alive EKG (at left), there's no reason why a patient's bluetooth-enabled cell phone couldn't be used to automatically alert a physician in case of emergency, too.

Impressive as that is, I'm a firm supporter of devices with lasers over devices without lasers. This laser digitizer (below), when attached to a PDA, can be used to record the width and depth of a healing wound - helping doctors and nurses better track patient progress. The PDA, called the ARANZ Medical Silhouette, can then be used to upload measurements and images into a patient file. I challenge anyone to use this device without feeling like you are living in the future.

Not every portable monitoring device needs to be quite so high tech. Patients in rural areas and the third world often do not have physical access to doctors - but for many applications, they might be able to do without. The CellScope (at left) aims to turn an ordinary cell phone camera into a "telemicroscope" capable of sending high-magnification images of skin or blood samples to a doctor for remote diagnosis. An inexpensive alternative to a long trip for a routine diagnosis, and the speed at which the information can reach a physician makes this a potentially valuable tool for keeping real-time track of disease outbreaks.

The gold standard for infectious disease monitoring in patients is usually a blood test for a biomarker molecule of some sort. While we can't yet wave a device over someone and know that much about the contents of their blood, we may be soon be able to miniaturize the equipment necessary to perform the analysis. Electronic noses, for example, may soon be able to diagnose diseases by smell (with a little help from a layer of artificial mucus) - if a dog can be trained to smell cancer on a patient's breath, why not?

Microfluidic lab-on-a-chip technologies (pictured below) can already be used to determine the presence and extent of gum disease by testing for biomarkers present in a few microliters of saliva. Researchers aim to pack everything the device requires into a 5-pound package, and to develop similar chips for other diseases. If you'd like to avoid getting the disease in the first place, real-time infectious disease monitors can be used as an early-warning system, with prototypes currently capable of detecting the presence of the avian flu virus. While there's plenty of tweaking to do before these silicon chip-based sensors are installed in hospital air vents or worn by soldiers in the battlefield, the alternatives to early detection range from a mild fever to coughing up blood - followed by extensive tests to reveal why you have a mild fever or are coughing up blood. Far better to know what's coming so that we can limit exposure and treat the disease as early as possible.

If these possibilities aren't tantalizing enough to interest you in medical miniaturization, keep in mind that Gene Roddenberry inserted a clause into his contract stating that anyone who can build a tricorder can use that name to describe the device. One company has already combined an EMF meter, light and colorimeter, barometer, thermometer, and clock into a tricorder, but the medical version is as of yet unrealized. If you succeed, a warning - reversing the polarity on any of these devices is more likely to bugger its electronics than allow it, like most technologies on Star Trek, to perform impossible feats critical to the plot.

Terry Johnson is a biology researcher at UC Berkeley and io9's resident biogeek. If you have a question you'd like Terry to answer, email him at: tdj@io9.com.

Tissue engineered skin has been used on humans since 2001, though initially it was merely a replacement for cadaver skin as a temporary solution for burn patients whose skin was damaged too extensively to consider skin grafts. More permanent solutions designed to more closely mimic the structure of skin are on the way, with several different designs currently under research or in the clinic. We're a long way from a tissue engineered donor-free face transplant, but we'll get there. There are non-medical benefits to this work as well - a variation on tissue engineered skin called Episkin is being marketed in Europe as an alternative to animal testing of cosmetics.

One of the advantages of skin from an engineer's point of view is that it's easy to feed. Thin sheets do not require a system of blood vessels to supply the cells inside the sheet with adequate oxygen and fuel. Cartilage is another tissue that can do pretty well without a vasculature, and has a tendency to heal poorly - a combination that sends clinical researchers off to write grants. If you're looking at total knee replacement in the future, keep in mind that there's already one therapeutic alternative and several others in the works.

If you're a sports fan, at one time or another you've probably had your team's season imperiled by a player's torn ligament. While these lingering injuries may be a boon to broadcasters and sports writers, for athletes they can be career-ending events. A biodegradable polyester combined with cells from undamaged ligament may be the solution - in rabbit knees, these engineered ligament replacements already rival transplants. The thing about a transplant is, that transplant tissue has to come from somewhere. If from another body, you've got tissue rejection to look forward to. If from you, getting there requires a scalpel and seriously good painkillers. These engineered alternatives, using cells from the patient cultured outside of the body, do a lot less hurting to get to the healing.

Most bone breaks heal on their own with a little immobilization, but not all, and fractures aren't the only problem one can have with bone. A man in Finland lost his upper jaw to a tumor, but doctors were able to create a replacement. A biomaterial scaffold was created in the shape of the missing part, then seeded with mesenchymal stem cells from a culture of the cells in a sample of the patient's fat. The whole device was then implanted in the man's abdomen, where it was given nine months to develop before being removed and implanted into the jaw. That may sound a little roundabout, but considering the only other option was hacking enough bone out of the man's leg to rebuild the jaw, you can see the attraction. Similar work has been done in Germany using the patient's back as an incubator instead of the abdomen, giving you a potential choice of scars as well.

If that same fellow ended up a few teeth shy, or you're worried about encroaching denturehood, engineered teeth are possible as well - in mice. Until it's working in humans, I strongly suggest you floss regularly.

There's a lot of exciting work in kidneys, but if you know any potential donors try and stay on their good side. There are already a few tissue engineered bladders engaged in their usual duties inside patients.

Heart disease is a leading cause of death in the United States, and to some, the holy grail of tissue engineering. Replacing clogged blood vessels or valves with healthy engineered tissue would save lives and wear and tear on the parts of the body where we usually go scrounging for healthy vessels to replace the damaged bits with. It doesn't get much tricker than a complete engineered heart transplant - a machine that requires incredible timing, physical power, a highly specific vasculature, and most importantly, a vanishingly small failure rate. One approach is to cheat - that is, take an existing donor heart and remove all of the cells, leaving the structure intact. The deheartinated hearts are then seeded with heart cells from the would-be patient. Rat hearts treated in this manner can be coaxed into beginning to beat anew, though as of yet not hard enough to replace an ailing ticker.

Do you have questions you've always wanted to ask a biogeek? You can email me at tdj@io9.com.