In an article published with Win and Smolke's research in the October 17 issue of Science, Ehud Shapiro and Binyamin Gil describe the unique difficulties facing synthetic biologists:

The challenges of biomolecular computer engineering are best illustrated by comparing them to those of electronic computer engineering. In the latter, one can conceive of an advanced and innovative computer design, use one's favorite computer-aided design software, send the design to a chip fabrication facility, and with luck have a working electronic device in short order. In the field of biomolecular computers, one can equally dream of innovative designs that can be made, in principle, from known protein building blocks. However, protein engineering is in infancy compared to electronic circuit engineering. There is no protein design software to turn to, and no fabrication facility that can engineer a protein to a specification of its function. Therefore, researchers cannot construct their own advanced protein machinery and must make do with DNA, RNA, or naturally available proteins.

Win and Smolke made do with RNA, and the results are spectacular.

Their experiment began with the determination of three main components: a sensor, an actuator, and a transmitter, each a different type of short RNA molecule. Using these three components, Win and Smolke created RNA devices that take in a molecular input and translate that to an output of a certain gene expression. In effect, these RNA devices act as internal gates within the cell. By combining these internal gates in different ways, Win and Smolke constructed logical operations within the cell that programmed for the production of certain proteins.

The result is a logical system that can take in two different inputs — theophylline and tetracycline — and produce a corresponding output — in this case, the Nobel-Prize-winning green fluorescent protein (GFP). Programmed to mimic an AND gate, the cell produces GFP only when both theophylline and tetracycline are present. Conversely, programmed as an NOR gate, the cell produces GFP only when both theophylline and tetracycline are not present. Programmed as an NAND gate, the cell produces GFP in every case but the one where theophylline and tetracycline are both present. Basic Boolean algebra meets bioengineering, and now we can order our cells around just like we do our computers.

Win and Smolke's system is the first that can take in multiple inputs, which is an amazing advantage for would-be biological programmers. It's also very flexible and easy to program; scientists can treat it as a "plug-and-play" framework, in which it's easy to keep changing the components of the RNA device to allow for an infinite number of computations. And the best news is that though Win and Smolke published only the results they got from testing in yeast cells, they say that their devices will translate to mammal cells with no trouble. Your cells could soon be detecting tumors or conducting their own targeted gene therapy to fight cancer — and this at a molecular level, all under the direction of scientific and medical professionals. Sounds good to me.

Caltech Engineers Build First-Ever Multi-Input "Plug-and-Play" Synthetic RNA Device [Caltech]
Higher-Order Cellular Information Processing with Synthetic RNA Devices [Science]
RNA Computing in a Living Cell [Science]

Images from Science.

As the press release put it:

The AIRS maps also showed enhanced carbon dioxide over the Mediterranean, resulting from North American and European sources. Carbon dioxide from South Asia ended up over the Middle East, while carbon dioxide from East Asia flowed out over the Pacific Ocean.

In addition, the study reports that CO2 from the Southern U.S. is hitting the North Atlantic full force in atmospheric slipstream. How do we know this? AIRS (the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder) provides the key to understanding exactly how much of this vile participant in the life cycle lurks above our head. And apparently the hyperbole I have just provided you with is very much in line with NASA's thinking. As part of the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory team Moustafa Chahine described the situation:

"Carbon dioxide is difficult to measure and track. No place on Earth is immune from its influence. It will take many independent measurements, including AIRS, to coax this culprit out of hiding and track its progress from creation to storage."

Let's just hope Tim Kring doesn't get wind of this: the last thing Heroes needs is another character. Ready to take action? Rolling Carbon will calculate your growing part in the problem here.