Okay, but how did the amino acids get on the comet? Do they just form in space? It sounds like just about any icy or watery ball of rock floating in space can have potentially life generating compounds form on it.
@Anekanta: pretty much. If you have all the base chemicals in the mixture, as well as the right heat and ph, amino acids, DNA, all that good stuff does just form, thanks to electromagnetic forces at the atomic level, and Brownian Motion...
@Anekanta:
Yup. But not on a solid body. There's clouds of carbon compounds floating in interstellar space (Can you say CHON? Did I read Gateway last week?) and spectrographic analysis shows radiation will make the molecules link up. And it's not hard to get some of the molecular rings (2-ring Vinyls) to open up and attract side chains, creating amino acids. There was an article in Scientific American about pre-biotic amino acid synthesis a few years ago.
@VergessenHeld: If I read it correctly there were just some amino acids. Trust me, if there were little bacteria the news could be covered in "ZOMG Alien Bugz!"
Declaring amino acids and proteins equivalent is rather bold - don't do that. Lots of amino acids do not a protein make! The best you'd get would be a polypeptide.
Proteins can do stuff, which calls for a specific sequence of amino acids, and for a mechanism to push the protein into a functional shape.
Once again, the reporting on actual science here on io9 leaves a lot to be desired. I understand the idea behind this kind of post, to take some drier piece of scientific research and make it a little bit sexier, and maybe tie it into some sci-fi concepts to instigate some conversation. But this does not justify making claims about these results which are not true, something that seems to be happening in these posts with increasing frequency.
But in writing that this study "offers evidence that our ancestors were, indeed, extraterrestrial," the writer here falls into a logical fallacy that characterizes exogenesis and a lot of other bad science- the creation of an exciting, tempting hypothesis, and the subsequent attempts to pigeonhole data to support that theory, without the logic to support that. Even at face value, the claim that comets within our solar system may have been capable of supporting life makes no connection between that theoretical life and the actual life existing in our planet. It is still infinitely more likely that life arose on this planet, even if it also arose independently many other places.
The summary sentence that concludes this piece is far more accurate than that in the lead. This result is not inconsistent with a theory of panspermia, but neither does it provide any evidence to support that theory.
An intriguing but ultimately moot point. Until we know what actually sparks the creation of life, where precisely it first happened is almost impossible to debate, and sort of beside the point. I think people might be attracted to this "star dust" theory for the same reason religious types are attraction to creation stories: it lends a bit of magic and awe to something that should already be magical and awesome.
@Relbelle: If by "star dust" theory you're referring specifically to exogenesis, then you're absolutely right.
If you're referring to what I think the popular interpretation of the "star dust" theory is, then you're a little off base. It's already clear that the heavy elements required for life - as in the ones that make up our bodies and pretty much everything around us - are formed at the end of stellar lifetimes when fusion reactions run rampant as stars start dissipating gas and desperately trying to fuse helium to stay alive. That part's pretty well proven, while not unquestionable of course.
@phoenix: I'm unsure what you mean by popular interpretation; I was just responding to this post and trying to be poetic. But you are correct in that I don't know any of the hard science behind these theories, and I didn't mean to sound like I thought I did!
But to go in the other direction, while we know what elements are required for life as we know it thus far, does that extend to knowing what is required for life in any possible form? When scientists speculate about life being possible because of the presence of water, do they just mean earth-like life, or do they know that water is an absolute requirement?
@Relbelle: Hee - I should have been more clear when I said "popular." :) You're absolutely right though - I was more reacting to the "star dust" comment, which has strong scientific basis in one respect, but that respect isn't exogenesis.
To that end though - you're absolutely right; I think that there's a lot of great hypothesis based on "what's required for life" as far as mixing the right things together and applying the right conditions, but there's simply still no explanation for what happens once those ingredients and conditions are met, which is what I think you mean.
And about water - I think the understanding is that water is required for life "as we know it," or life that we would be able to identify. :)
@phoenix: Fair enough! What I meant, I suppose, is that if our explanation for where life came from in the very beginning is "somewhere else," then that isn't really an answer at all. Speculating that it may have come from a comet is very interesting, and may ultimately be the case, but it seems like getting ahead of ourselves a little. When we ask "where did life come from?" most of us aren't asking for a location.
And water was probably a bad example. It seems like we are always ready to get excited over the idea of conditions similar to those on earth when, say, oxygen isn't even a requirement much of the life we know about, outside of water. We should be more creative!
My first thought on reading this was to wonder if you were obscurely referring to alien-sex. My second thought was to wonder what it says about me that this was the first thing I thought.
@RandomFrequentFlierDent: Nah, not the alien sex so much as the idea of being able to go to Florg's Diner on Tau Ceti IV and wolf down a meal made from 100% indigenous foods without then immediately needing an ambulance.
But hey, I got no problems with a little alien sex as long as all parties are willing participants.
Given that the earliest estimates for cellular life on Earth are at about the 1 billion year mark, how do they envision it arising within a thousandth the time in cometary bodies while nothing of the sort happened on Earth? The argument looks like they're saying life could have formed because comets experienced Earth-like conditions, while at the same time arguing (by implication; you can't seed what's already there) that life didn't arise by itself on Earth under exactly those same conditions.
There are those who believe... that life here... began out there. Far across the universe. With tribes of humans... who may have been the forefathers of the Egyptians... or the Toltecs... or the Mayans... that they may have been the architects of the Great Pyramids... or the lost civilizations of Lemuria... or Atlantis... Some believe that there may yet be brothers of man... who even now fight to survive... somewhere beyond the heavens...
The part I don't understand about the "Panspermia" theory is the idea that it's more likely for life to form in space rather than on a planet. And if life formed on another planet and was ported here by comets, how in the world would this life survive this kind of journey? Hard radiation, lack of oxygen, extreme cold, limited resources for consumption. I mean, it just seems so far fetched that the only reason I can imagine people believing it is simply because they like the romantic idea of life coming down on comets.
@Pope John Peeps II: If you could somehow get life into space, it can survive those conditions. Even fairly large organisms (water bears!) can survive total dessication, vaccum, thermal extremes and radiation levels that would kill humans. Some of the spore-forming bacteria are even hardier, capable of withstanding huge pH changes and other rather caustic chemicals as well.
Of course, that says nothing about how they got/formed in space, or the whole re-entry process. Which is where I think you really nailed it in your last sentence.
@Pope John Peeps II: I like to think of it as one possible way among others. Besides, it would make me an alien, and thus way cooler.
And technically life developing on earth would have to deal with several of the problems you listed; no oxygen until oxygen-producers evolved and high exposure to radiation due to this, as well as extreme temperatures.
@Pope John Peeps II: Yeah, you've basically hit upon the primary issue with panspermia/exogenesis theories- Occam's Razor. The conversation goes something like this:
"Ok, so, how the heck did life on Earth develop? I mean, molecules growing slowly more complex in a chemical soup somewhere? People seem to have enough issues with evolution as it is."
"I know- maybe the life came to earth on comets! From space!"
"... ooooo-k. That's simpler?"
"Yeah, cuz it didn't have to develop here, it just had to ride in on a space rock or something! From space!"
"Soooo... on some other planet, or a gas cloud or something, molecules grew slowly more complex in a chemical soup until the first basic life was created... and then a volcano or meteorite impact or something else happened to send it flying in our direction, it randomly hit the infinitesimally small grain of dust in the galaxy that is our planet, survived re-entry, found the local conditions liveable, and then proceeded to develop into complex life on our planet."
"Uhhuh! A planet or gas cloud... in space!"
"So why is that any simpler?"
"... did I mention it came from space!?"
It adds complexity instead of removing it. Its sort of like responding to the question "well, if God created the universe, who created God?" with the answer "God's dad!"
That's not saying it didn't happen that way, but the simplest answer is usually the correct one, and in this case, the simplest answer is "groups of complex organic molecules naturally tend to create more complex and ultimately self-replicating forms over time, thus beginning life", and thus occured independently on our planet, rather than it being very rare in the universe and we were just luckily enough to be hit by one of those miniscule and rare bits of space debris that can actually store it in a useful form for long periods.
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Yup. But not on a solid body. There's clouds of carbon compounds floating in interstellar space (Can you say CHON? Did I read Gateway last week?) and spectrographic analysis shows radiation will make the molecules link up. And it's not hard to get some of the molecular rings (2-ring Vinyls) to open up and attract side chains, creating amino acids. There was an article in Scientific American about pre-biotic amino acid synthesis a few years ago.
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08/19/09
-Kle.
08/18/09
Proteins can do stuff, which calls for a specific sequence of amino acids, and for a mechanism to push the protein into a functional shape.
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07/30/09
But in writing that this study "offers evidence that our ancestors were, indeed, extraterrestrial," the writer here falls into a logical fallacy that characterizes exogenesis and a lot of other bad science- the creation of an exciting, tempting hypothesis, and the subsequent attempts to pigeonhole data to support that theory, without the logic to support that. Even at face value, the claim that comets within our solar system may have been capable of supporting life makes no connection between that theoretical life and the actual life existing in our planet. It is still infinitely more likely that life arose on this planet, even if it also arose independently many other places.
The summary sentence that concludes this piece is far more accurate than that in the lead. This result is not inconsistent with a theory of panspermia, but neither does it provide any evidence to support that theory.
07/30/09
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If you're referring to what I think the popular interpretation of the "star dust" theory is, then you're a little off base. It's already clear that the heavy elements required for life - as in the ones that make up our bodies and pretty much everything around us - are formed at the end of stellar lifetimes when fusion reactions run rampant as stars start dissipating gas and desperately trying to fuse helium to stay alive. That part's pretty well proven, while not unquestionable of course.
07/30/09
But to go in the other direction, while we know what elements are required for life as we know it thus far, does that extend to knowing what is required for life in any possible form? When scientists speculate about life being possible because of the presence of water, do they just mean earth-like life, or do they know that water is an absolute requirement?
07/30/09
To that end though - you're absolutely right; I think that there's a lot of great hypothesis based on "what's required for life" as far as mixing the right things together and applying the right conditions, but there's simply still no explanation for what happens once those ingredients and conditions are met, which is what I think you mean.
And about water - I think the understanding is that water is required for life "as we know it," or life that we would be able to identify. :)
07/30/09
And water was probably a bad example. It seems like we are always ready to get excited over the idea of conditions similar to those on earth when, say, oxygen isn't even a requirement much of the life we know about, outside of water. We should be more creative!
07/30/09
My first thought on reading this was to wonder if you were obscurely referring to alien-sex. My second thought was to wonder what it says about me that this was the first thing I thought.
So, is that what you were referring to?
07/30/09
But hey, I got no problems with a little alien sex as long as all parties are willing participants.
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Of course, that says nothing about how they got/formed in space, or the whole re-entry process. Which is where I think you really nailed it in your last sentence.
07/30/09
And technically life developing on earth would have to deal with several of the problems you listed; no oxygen until oxygen-producers evolved and high exposure to radiation due to this, as well as extreme temperatures.
07/30/09
"Ok, so, how the heck did life on Earth develop? I mean, molecules growing slowly more complex in a chemical soup somewhere? People seem to have enough issues with evolution as it is."
"I know- maybe the life came to earth on comets! From space!"
"... ooooo-k. That's simpler?"
"Yeah, cuz it didn't have to develop here, it just had to ride in on a space rock or something! From space!"
"Soooo... on some other planet, or a gas cloud or something, molecules grew slowly more complex in a chemical soup until the first basic life was created... and then a volcano or meteorite impact or something else happened to send it flying in our direction, it randomly hit the infinitesimally small grain of dust in the galaxy that is our planet, survived re-entry, found the local conditions liveable, and then proceeded to develop into complex life on our planet."
"Uhhuh! A planet or gas cloud... in space!"
"So why is that any simpler?"
"... did I mention it came from space!?"
It adds complexity instead of removing it. Its sort of like responding to the question "well, if God created the universe, who created God?" with the answer "God's dad!"
That's not saying it didn't happen that way, but the simplest answer is usually the correct one, and in this case, the simplest answer is "groups of complex organic molecules naturally tend to create more complex and ultimately self-replicating forms over time, thus beginning life", and thus occured independently on our planet, rather than it being very rare in the universe and we were just luckily enough to be hit by one of those miniscule and rare bits of space debris that can actually store it in a useful form for long periods.