Um, yeah, because in Wells' War of the Worlds, having gigantic tripods walking around zapping everything with heat rays was totally subtle. The Brits have also had themselves killed with: giant monsters that come out of the ocean, vampires from space, zombies, a huge "crack in the world" caused by a nuclear test, not to mention an interstellar construction crew. Sorry, Mr. Bradley, but everybody loves a spectacle, even the limeys.
The difference in the British and American view of apocalypse advanced here is spot on in my view, and very revealing about the respective character of the nations psychology.
Every nation has a bloody history, I'm not sure America's is any more noteworthy to a non-American in this context. Britain has just grown more tired of that mindset given it's long infatuation with it in the historical past and the fact British military superiority is now a dim memory. Britain is an old man compared to the USA, and more war-weary. America seems to still find it a turn on.
@phnuggle: Of course the USA is famous for confining its wars to its own soil...
@Richard Holt: Well lets be honest here. Im in the UK and the military might we used to have was much more significant than nowdays. You say War-Weary, I say its a veteran. The conflict Britain has seen in its past has been huge in comparison to America, we have fought for our very exsistance on numerous occasions. The Spanish invasion, the roman conquest, the viking invasion, the germans (people really like invading us)! all this has given us an underated edge on how the worlds going to end. Rather than it be in a ball of god-like appocalyptic flames. Its just erie quietness. 28 DID capture that feeling pretty well and im sure the new Trifids film on BBC this year wll also capture it very well too. Britain was one of the biggest Empires in the world, and we did this with the cunning use of a flag (circa - Eddie Izzard Glorious), but joking aside...weve been there, seen it and worn the T-Shirt. Maybe thats why America is still so hell bent on the war! Its a huge superpower, theres no denying. But has it managed to get to the world conquering heights of Britain. No...why?? Because its has an all guns blazing type of ethic that really shoots itself in the foot. Infact, has America ever had a sucsesfull war? Maybe liberation with violence is not the answer. Lets not forget, we got an Empire through trade and good social skills too. But we did hand China back..so maybe we are getting sick of it all...haha
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Edited by CoffinDodger (If the typos crap. Blame my keyboard) at 09/04/09 3:51 AM
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@StevieQ: You actually rode in like the cavalry after we had done all the work and lost all the soldiers. But its cool....keep believing and one day the magic will come true!!
In the theme of agricultural apocalypse, I need to mention another British novel, The Death of Grass.
The apocalypse comes in the form of a virus that preys on grasses of all kinds, including wheat and rye and the like. In a season Britain joins the rest of Europe and Asia in a brutal grab for what food remains on the shelves and in homes. To make sure the remaining food helps as many Brits as possible, the government nukes the largest cities.
The UK is the gardening center of the world due to their allotment system that guarantees peasants a piece of land to farm of a certain size. It seems it's more something to scare the gardeners that the beings they nurture could turn against them...
ANY western European country (and any other country that had writing before 1500) will have a longer view of history than the US. For better or for worse. Probably the US has prospered so much for LACK of history as much as for anything else. Nobody cusses out Alabamans for some sadistic crap in 200AD....
My thesis was on the apocalypse in literature (strangely, the department gave the thesis prize to a dude who wrote about James Joyce. Funny. Not that I'm bitter or anything.) Bradley makes an interesting connection with imperialism, but in my research I'd say that his conclusion about American apocalypticism is pretty much totally wrong. @kernow is right to note the time periods - time has more to do with the different images than culture. It's how enthusiastically america took to an already-established trope that is interesting.
The religion argument doesn't really hold water for me, because I LURVE post-apocalyptic stuff and don't care much about Christianity one way or the other. Apocalypticism isn't a reaction to Chrisitianity; Christianity is a reaction to apocalypticism. Violent apocalypses are much older than the bible.
The apocalypse isn't so much about an end than it is about a beginning; there is always *something* on the other side of the End (mostly better, but not always). The beginning after a violent End, like a nuclear holocaust, is particularly appealing to the American mind. Imagine what the average post-apocalyptic landscape looks like, and then compare it to the ideas of the Wild West. The West was and is in the American mind a place where you can get a fresh start, pull yourself up by the bootstraps, achieve the American dream; where what "really matters" is important again, the strong survive, and everything is black and white morally.
It's a lot more complicated and way cooler than how I just explained it, but I'm writing a flippin novel here and it's time to stop.
Like those other library staples Lord of the Rings and 1984, I must have borrowed Day of the Triffids numerous times. The imagery of a London depopulated is really evocative of a certain type of science fiction I read and enjoyed in my youth. The novelisation of Doctor Who and the Dalek Invasion of Earth
did a nice job of creating it as well, right down to the ubiquitous roaming packs of wild dogs. It's not an exclusively London or British thing though. Haneke's French-language film Time of the Wolf does an excellent job of evoking that same sparse sense of (implicitly) post-apocalyptic natural selection, but in a rural setting. Highly recommended.
Although I enjoyed 28 Days Later similarly employing a tone of brutal abandonment, I hadn't actually realised quite how intentional a take it was on Triffids in particular, if Wikipedia can be believed. One of my minor pet peeves is that genuine classics of popular commissioned/licensed science fiction such as the Who one mentioned above and ESPECIALLY the original Daleks story are effectively off-limits to re-examination and reinterpretation. That's also true of Wyndham's contemporarily published novels, but to a lesser extent. Thinking about it, I rather admire Boyle's appropriation of more-than-you-might-think of "...Triffids" for his zombie flick and wonder if it might be suggestive of a useful template for revisiting other legally and culturally captive works.
@monster_delivers_msg: Just as much of the power of 28 Days Later comes from its often eerily beautiful images of an abandoned London, many of The Day of the Triffids' most enduring images are of the empty cities and towns of southern England
Do you think he read Wikipedia at all?
As to the imagery associated with a "British" apocalypse, it's more to do with our memories of recent history (by recent I mean the last hundred years or so) - the Blitz had an effect; as did the inexorable loss of the Empire and our loss of authority globally to (in particular) the USA.
However, as a more general rule, much of British sci-fi/fantasy deals with man's scientific arrogance gone wrong, leading to disaster (Jekyll and Hyde, Frankenstein, Quatermass, Triffids, etc...)
We know we're smart, but we also know we screw up.
Bradley's points do carry some weight, and his observation helps put into context such works as Terry Nation's SURVIVORS and (to a lesser extent) John Christopher's THE TRIPODS.
I can't say I agree fully with his interpretation of an American apocalypse, however. If we were to look for the possible roots of such fiction in our culture, it might make more sense to consider the amount of violence in our history as the main prism through which to see it.
Consider the following: We started to formulate an identity during nine years of border setting while still colonists (1754-1763), and then came of age after an eight year war (1775-1783), which required further testing soon after (1812-1814). From there, we needed four years to examine our principles (1861-1865) during a century spent mostly suppressing the indigenous peoples within our claimed territories. Come the last 110 years, we came on to the world stage in blood (1898), had a say in rearranging the world order through blood (1917-1918), came to prominence in this order through blood (1941-1945) and spent a number of years maintaining our hold via, yes, spilling blood (1950-1953, 1959-1975, 1991, 2001-present). And these, sadly, are the busier periods we're more likely to recall when pressed, missing many minor wars in the process.
I would offer that American apocalypses are the way they are as befitting the cycles of our history: We were born and lived by the sword, and are damned likely to die by it too.
@jamesryan: You do know the British shed a lot of blood too, right? In most of the conflicts you mentioned, they were either our allies or opponents, plus they had their own conflicts to fight (Napoleon, Africa, Ireland, etc). And by the time of our revolution, the British already had a long bloody history (Scotland, France, Spain of the top of my head). The British Empire was built by the sword as much (if not more than) anything else.
@Ghost_in_the_Machine: not on their soil, though. Before WWII, Britain had gone a ridiculously long time without being invaded (I don't remember what the number was, exactly). I imagine the Civil War was a bit more stressful to the average citizen than the Iraq war, for example.
Well...Cormac McCarthy was mostly inspired by the K/T extinction event (the alleged metheor strike that wiped out the dinosaurs). That's pretty natural and scientific to me (unless someone can quote the book of Revelations describing how thick layers of dust and ashes block out the sunlight, slowly turning the world colder; instead of babylonian beast-riding prostitutes and stuff).
Besides, The Road is more about emptyness and solitude and that same mesmerizing beauty of abandoned landscapes and cities.
That Fallout/Mad Max/A Canticle for Leibowitz imagery was first born at the height of the cold war, when we humans first realized we could destroy the entire planet just by making a wrong desition. (besides, Mad Max was Australian!!)
This does raise a quite interesting point but it does also miss quite a big one, a most of the books by British authors that deal with the end of the world in "muted endings" have been written pre 1914 and those are generally some of the most praised books by famous authors eg Mary Shelley's The Last Man and have obviously influenced more modern authors. After the first world war there is substantially more self annihilation and destruction in books.
The traditions of British pastoralism, nature writing, etc., would seem to play as much a role as their Empire writing. Witness Wells's pastoral writing in War of the Worlds, or Wyndham's Chrysalids. There are doubtless many other examples. Those Englishers like their hayricks and hedgerows!
In defense of American fiction: I think the American versions of post Apocalypse have more to do with the destruction of man by himself. While this has roots in, and influences from, religious text and imagery, it also tends to deal with history becoming future. It tends to show decaying ruins rather than the beautiful emptiness of say, 28 Days Later because it generally supports a theme of self consumption. Where the British downfalls could be seen as coming from a pride standpoint (a fall from power demonstrated on a large scale by the silent evidence of mankind's end), the American versions tend to (quite rightfully) depict the consequences of gluttony, greed, and wrath, which produces a much more grotesque landscape which brings human and societal decay onto the mainstage. When done right, it's much more psychological in nature than religious. I like to compare it to the way the world of Batman takes the darkness of the human mind and makes it into the physical reality of the realm.
@it must be bunnies: Former imperialism thankyou. I didn't lose ancestors wielding everything from longbows to ships cannon to Martini Henrys in pointless wars overseas fighting for a pointless long slow decline to still be called an imperialist today.
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Much to do with having two nuclear warheads dropped on them? Ya think?
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Every nation has a bloody history, I'm not sure America's is any more noteworthy to a non-American in this context. Britain has just grown more tired of that mindset given it's long infatuation with it in the historical past and the fact British military superiority is now a dim memory. Britain is an old man compared to the USA, and more war-weary. America seems to still find it a turn on.
@phnuggle: Of course the USA is famous for confining its wars to its own soil...
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Well, for starters how about the one where we saved your ass in 1945? Or the one in which we left your empire in 1776? Or 1812?
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The apocalypse comes in the form of a virus that preys on grasses of all kinds, including wheat and rye and the like. In a season Britain joins the rest of Europe and Asia in a brutal grab for what food remains on the shelves and in homes. To make sure the remaining food helps as many Brits as possible, the government nukes the largest cities.
09/04/09
09/03/09
ANY western European country (and any other country that had writing before 1500) will have a longer view of history than the US. For better or for worse. Probably the US has prospered so much for LACK of history as much as for anything else. Nobody cusses out Alabamans for some sadistic crap in 200AD....
09/03/09
The religion argument doesn't really hold water for me, because I LURVE post-apocalyptic stuff and don't care much about Christianity one way or the other. Apocalypticism isn't a reaction to Chrisitianity; Christianity is a reaction to apocalypticism. Violent apocalypses are much older than the bible.
The apocalypse isn't so much about an end than it is about a beginning; there is always *something* on the other side of the End (mostly better, but not always). The beginning after a violent End, like a nuclear holocaust, is particularly appealing to the American mind. Imagine what the average post-apocalyptic landscape looks like, and then compare it to the ideas of the Wild West. The West was and is in the American mind a place where you can get a fresh start, pull yourself up by the bootstraps, achieve the American dream; where what "really matters" is important again, the strong survive, and everything is black and white morally.
It's a lot more complicated and way cooler than how I just explained it, but I'm writing a flippin novel here and it's time to stop.
09/03/09
did a nice job of creating it as well, right down to the ubiquitous roaming packs of wild dogs. It's not an exclusively London or British thing though. Haneke's French-language film Time of the Wolf does an excellent job of evoking that same sparse sense of (implicitly) post-apocalyptic natural selection, but in a rural setting. Highly recommended.
Although I enjoyed 28 Days Later similarly employing a tone of brutal abandonment, I hadn't actually realised quite how intentional a take it was on Triffids in particular, if Wikipedia can be believed. One of my minor pet peeves is that genuine classics of popular commissioned/licensed science fiction such as the Who one mentioned above and ESPECIALLY the original Daleks story are effectively off-limits to re-examination and reinterpretation. That's also true of Wyndham's contemporarily published novels, but to a lesser extent. Thinking about it, I rather admire Boyle's appropriation of more-than-you-might-think of "...Triffids" for his zombie flick and wonder if it might be suggestive of a useful template for revisiting other legally and culturally captive works.
09/03/09
Do you think he read Wikipedia at all?
As to the imagery associated with a "British" apocalypse, it's more to do with our memories of recent history (by recent I mean the last hundred years or so) - the Blitz had an effect; as did the inexorable loss of the Empire and our loss of authority globally to (in particular) the USA.
However, as a more general rule, much of British sci-fi/fantasy deals with man's scientific arrogance gone wrong, leading to disaster (Jekyll and Hyde, Frankenstein, Quatermass, Triffids, etc...)
We know we're smart, but we also know we screw up.
And the yanks are coming!
09/03/09
I can't say I agree fully with his interpretation of an American apocalypse, however. If we were to look for the possible roots of such fiction in our culture, it might make more sense to consider the amount of violence in our history as the main prism through which to see it.
Consider the following: We started to formulate an identity during nine years of border setting while still colonists (1754-1763), and then came of age after an eight year war (1775-1783), which required further testing soon after (1812-1814). From there, we needed four years to examine our principles (1861-1865) during a century spent mostly suppressing the indigenous peoples within our claimed territories. Come the last 110 years, we came on to the world stage in blood (1898), had a say in rearranging the world order through blood (1917-1918), came to prominence in this order through blood (1941-1945) and spent a number of years maintaining our hold via, yes, spilling blood (1950-1953, 1959-1975, 1991, 2001-present). And these, sadly, are the busier periods we're more likely to recall when pressed, missing many minor wars in the process.
I would offer that American apocalypses are the way they are as befitting the cycles of our history: We were born and lived by the sword, and are damned likely to die by it too.
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Besides, The Road is more about emptyness and solitude and that same mesmerizing beauty of abandoned landscapes and cities.
That Fallout/Mad Max/A Canticle for Leibowitz imagery was first born at the height of the cold war, when we humans first realized we could destroy the entire planet just by making a wrong desition. (besides, Mad Max was Australian!!)
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Yay humans!
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It is not just their imperialism that gives them their 'longer view', they have been a nation a hell of a lot longer that us upstart North Americans.
When studying Modern History in university I was advised to seek out the British Historians because they often had the least biased perspective.
They have some damn fine comedy and SF too.
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