That's great and all, but if your engine starts knocking or throws a rod or something, you get sucked into it and have to spend eternity locked in a dimension of pure chaos.
Sounds like it might have pretty spectacular failure modes. #blackholes
"Given [this type] of black hole, it is not clear to me how someone would go about extracting energy."
I don't know about you guys, but I'm going to go about eating all the radioactive material I can find lying around. Eventually something will give me absorbing powers. #blackholes
@SJ_Edwards: The thing is, we don't have a current time view of the galaxy. A lot of what were looking at is at least thousands of years old due to the speed of light. So if a civilization developed such technology we probably wouldn't see it's effects quite yet unless an intelligent species evolved a hell of a lot quicker on another planet, in a solar system close to ours. #blackholes
@SJ_Edwards: From page 12: "A BH (black hole) starship using the technology we are proposing would emit gravitational radiation at nuclear frequencies. Current gravitational radiation detection experiments are optimized for much lower frequencies, and would not detect it."
Besides, you contradict yourself. The evidence of its pollution should be everywhere only if there's life elsewhere and they are using this technology. The fact that we aren't detecting it doesn't mean *both* there's no life and there's no black hole technology - it means one or the other (or it means nothing, since we couldn't detect it anyway). #blackholes
@Kakkoii: We (our star, our solar system, our planet, ourselves) are neither young nor old, we're 'goldilocks' [en.wikipedia.org] .
If we are not unique (I was not consulted, so I shall not vote), it is statistically inconceivable that we are the first or will be the last, to do anything.
That band of possibility is billions of years wide and what we can 'see' of it goes right back to the beginning (not all of, but some of all).
You're right, there is no 'now' in the universe, anywhere except 'here' but their 'now' doesn't need to be 'close' or 'recent' (essentially the same thing).
They've had plenty of time. #blackholes
@Tzepish: All true. But my comment is based on accepting the basic premise of black hole technology.
That it is both theoretically and practically possible and that its achievement is simply a matter of time, effort and engineering [on a long enough timescale practical difficulties and limits of resources simply cease to be relevant (or worth mentioning)].
If you choose to accept the basic premise, you choose to accept the pollution consequence (it's tied to the theoretical and practical premise).
If it's possible, its been done by others.
If it's been done by others, it produced pollution.
If it produced pollution, that pollution is detectable.
If we choose to look, we will detect it if it's there.
(The fact that we haven't yet, is because we haven't tried yet.)
If we try to detect it and don't, and at the end of that, still accept the basic premise, we must accept the conclusion.
At the moment we are alone by default.
Then we will be truly alone. #blackholes
@SJ_Edwards: What I meant is that the current universe has only existed since the big bang. So other species would have had around the same time to emerge as we did. The speed of life forming and evolving can slightly vary depending on the ecosystem, but it's generally quite a long time frame for an intelligent species to evolve, if ever.
So what I'm saying is, the light coming in from around us could very likely be showing us an image of a time before a certain species developed said technology. Perhaps millions of years before they did. Perhaps we are the most intelligent species so far in the universe, who knows. #blackholes
@Kakkoii: Thats a good point. Ive always thought that chances of life elsewhere must be high, but hadnt thought that the evidence might not reach earth for millions of years. #blackholes
@SJ_Edwards: I am quite worried that Black Hole technology is so potentially destructive that it is sentient enough to travel back in time to prevent itself from happening ;P #blackholes
Perhaps many civilisations built BH generators - and they all went horribly wrong!
How do you determine the difference between a natural BH and an artificial one?
Could also be that our super-advanced neighbors have figured out, that this will never work, will work badly or have a high propensity for disaster, and have therefore found other means of producing energy and visiting other stars at their leisure. #blackholes
@SJ_Edwards: If I might propose an alternative solution - what if we assume that we are not the only life in the universe, and that we are not particularly early in the development of this technology. If it has both the properties of being detectable and causes sizable explosions (or possible runaway growth scenarios) would it not be conceivable that other lifeforms might regulate the use of it as a power source, imposing regulations once they detect the usage of it? Or perhaps gravity pollution is an issue for reasons not yet known to us, making it outlawed (which would be why we haven't had first contact yet - civilizations other than the oversight committee would have to use conventional energy sources). Hell, for all we know "dark" energy/matter might be a by-product of this or better energy technologies and we just don't know how to detect it yet.
@SJ_Edwards: “If it’s possible, it’s been done by others.” That could not always be true, somebody would need to be the first, there has to be a beginner, a pioneer. And what if we are the first? That would be a great advantage for us; if we have already expanded out throughout the Universe be the time somebody else get out there, our chances to have a say in the matters of the Universe are greatly increased. If we are not the first, if other intelligent species are already out there (I guess the pollution won’t show for quite a time after the polluting) it would still be a bad idea not to try inventing all machines we think might be useful, because if we don’t, just leave the hard work for others, this would be deemed irresponsible behaviour and these others might very well refuse to help us because of that.
On the other side, there might not be somebody else with intelligence to invent this. And I understand that you think that if there is no one else out there, the inventing of such machines is not worth it, because that would mean the rest of the universe being duller than Earth. But even if there actually are no one else out there, we would still some day need to get away from Earth (if nothing else does before, the Sun exploding will surely leave the Earth inhabitable) and we might need to travel far, travel fast. And in addition, by trying to figure out how to make machines like these function properly, I guess we would learn a lot, even if we don’t succeed.
My point is that we should try anyway, without consideration of there being or not being other species out there. Only if it is dangerous for someone/something (for instance us, our planet or other planets) should we avoid inventions (or attempts on inventions) like these.
Let's make it happen then because I would like to see interstellar travel before I die. I would also like to see intergalctic travel as well but I doubt that will happen. #blackholes
I just started reading the research paper and I'd like to recommend everyone here to read its first two sections. They aren't technical and are easily understandable by anyone with some interest, even by people who do not know a lot of physics or math.
Those two sections discuss alternative ideas for interstellar travel and why they're not feasible at this point. #blackholes
@Roklimber: Ok, I've finished reading it. It's surprisingly non-mathematical and quite readable, though a few parts require a bit more knowledge of physics than the lay person usually has.
The upshot is that the authors propose a lot of *very* interesting ideas and questions, well worth studying in detail, but don't answer any of them, which is a little disappointing (though not entirely unexpected, because this isn't high-school physics where everything has an easy answer).
Regarding the "using BHs to create more BHs" issue and associated concerns that the 2nd law of thermodynamics might be circumvented, that isn't the case.
The authors propose that the first BH (or SBH, for subatomic BH, as they call it) be created with a focussed spherically-shaped laser in the gamma-ray part of the spectrum. Think of it as a firing squad spread around a circle, shooting at the same time towards the center of the circle. Now think of doing that using lasers rather than bullets and using a tiny sphere rather than a circle. The squeezing of so much energy into such a small volume would create a subatomic BH.
The problem is that this is not very efficient, and that's where using BHs to create BHs comes in. Once a few BHs have been created by the inefficient method, these BHs can be allowed to evaporate (that is, shrink due to Hawking radiation) and their Hawking radiation can be harnessed and focussed into some small volume, creating another BH.
This does NOT violate the 2nd law of thermodynamics. It merely uses a more efficient producer of energy (a pre-existing BH rather than a laser). However, in isolation (that is, without continually feeding mass to the BHs already in existence) this process cannot continue forever, because *that* would be a violation of the 2nd law.
So, those commenters here on io9 who said that this isn't a violation of the 2nd law and that this is merely a better energy-conversion process are entirely correct. #blackholes
@Dirk Anger: I'm sure the denizens of Alpha Centauri would welcome their new petawattic-'splodey-hole towing overlords. Who wouldn't want someone dragging an enormous gamma source into their neighborhood? #blackholes
(<=NOT a physicist) I would think the best use of a black hole would be to use it's ability to compress space to compress the space in front of the ship. Let the ship shoot forward like it's riding a wave.
What about inertia?
Wait a gosh darn minute...this sounds familiar. #blackholes
@Roklimber: "a warp bubble appears in previously flat spacetime and moves off at effectively superluminal speed. Inhabitants of the bubble feel no inertial effects"
@FrankenPC: Precisely. Star Trek got it almost right, because they missed the fact that you don't need any kind of inertial dampener. Cool, eh? #blackholes
@Roklimber: Yeah, that is cool. I'm thinking to effectively focus the effects of the black hole, you would need one large black hole and say several smaller ones. You could use the other black holes to "pinch" the field of the large one to direct it forward. #blackholes
@FrankenPC: You don't need to. In fact, the Alcubierre Drive doesn't use BHs at all.
Rather, it uses exotic matter (matter with a negative energy density) distributed in such a way that the geometry of the spacetime surrounding the ship is flat inside a bubble (hence no inertial effects), but curved outside. The curvature on the surface of the bubble behind the ship is different than that ahead of the ship, so the stresses in spacetime "push" the bubble forward.
And during all that, you're comfortably inside the bubble, in a region where spacetime is flat.
It's an awesome idea and totally possible theoretically, were it not for the fact that it requires a form of matter that, as far as we know, simply doesn't exist. #blackholes
@Roklimber: It's hard for me to even wrap my mind around "negative energy". It's like trying to visualize the 4th dimension (actual, not 3+time) #blackholes
@Roklimber: You again with the saying things I keep meaning to say. Well done - this is exactly what this idea means, and aside from the immense energy requirements to create a "warp bubble," it sounds like a decent idea. #blackholes
When you get close to the event horizon the difference in the gravity, even at short distances, is so great that it will pull the ship apart faster than the ship can fall in as a whole. #blackholes
@FrankenPC: Sorta reminds me of Planetary - the Information Drive in issue 19 - and the Improbability Engine from Douglas Adams "Heart Of Gold". #blackholes
@stereobot: That doesn't sound like fun. Well, it could be fun if meatballs and some nice tomato sauce were included... It still doesn't sound like fun. #blackholes
@FrankenPC: A similar idea was in Michael Kube-McDowell's first novel, _Emprise_. The ship "projected" a tiny black hole at a fixed distance in front of it, say, a kilometer. The ship then "fell" into the black hole, but since it was at a fixed distance away, they never got close to it. Voila, you just got a source of aceleration which could be turned on and off at will. They called it the Pushmi-Pullmu Drive. #blackholes
@stereobot: In the book, they didn't have to deal with gravity wells or the need for inertial dampeners because they only accellerated at Earth-gravity levels (typically 1 g). It was not an FTL method, just one for moving large ships without rocket technology. In the book, the year was maybe 2080 or so, so it was just the next stage of solar system exploration past rockets. They eventually use it to take a long one-way journey (15 years?) to Alpha Centauri, though. And decades later in a sequel, they do have some much more agile and faster ships based on the same technology, but I don't recall how they get around the obvious issues. #blackholes
@gorehound: IMO Neil made that movie. I know it's schlock, but I've now watched that schlock over 10 times. Repeatability is a sign of innovation. #blackholes
Interestingly, this is almost how the ships are propelled in Alan Dean Foster's Flinx series--ships create an artificial black hole at one end, and then fall towards it, simultaneously pushing it forwards. Also, in that world, apparently you can just accelerate past the speed of light if you're following along behind a black hole.
I always found it implausible, because in order to move the black hole forward, you'd need to create an amount of energy equivalent to the amount of energy that the black hole is pulling you towards it with, thus cancelling out the effect. #blackholes
@The_Sporean_Bob: Right, unless the black hole was moving forward at the same rate that you were falling towards it. But, in order to do that, you'd need to push the black hole somehow, &c &c. #blackholes
@braak: I'm thinking a modification of the techniqe used for maglev trains. Just instead of using electromagnetics and superconducting magnets you use black holes.
Create one in front of the ship, it lies stable in spacetime (black holes are not drawn/do not fall towards matter), thus making the ship fall towards it. Cancel the black hole before you get to close. That should give some forward momentum. Rinse and repeat.
This would still require a black hole generator mounted on the hood and a smart contraption that cancels the blackhole without causing a 1 AU blastradius. #blackholes
So . . . if you create a machine that makes black holes then black holes can generate the energy to get you more black holes? So then you have a perpetual energy machine?
Somehow that doesn't seem right. Am I not getting something here? #blackholes
@strideo: No, you're getting it right. I agree with you that it shouldn't work. I have to read the actual paper to see if they make that claim or not and, if so, how they get past the second law of thermodynamics. #blackholes
@Roklimber: It's not a perpetual energy machine because it uses the mass of the black hole as fuel. You need to be constantly feeding it, like any other factory it needs power and material, it just so happens that in this factory those are the same thing. #blackholes
@Roklimber: Thanks, that's what I thought. It seems to me that if this actually worked then the big story here would be that there is a way to circumvent the second law of thermodynamics and defeat entropy rather than just "a new energy source for spaceships". #blackholes
@solOptimus: I'm sorry, but I don't quite buy that argument. As I said, I need to read the paper to see how exactly, if at all, the authors make the claim that you can use already existing BHs to create more BHs. Until I've read it, I remain skeptical. #blackholes
@Roklimber: It's like using a big fire to light other fires. First, you have to work really hard to build the main fire, then, instead of working your butt off for the others, you simply use the large amount of energy given off by the first one to light the smaller ones, then you feed them fuel until they are large themselves. That's basically why the first BH is so useful, to get the others started, and also why it isn't a perpetual energy machine, cause once you run out of fuel (mass), you can't make any more, nor power the one you have.
@Roklimber: Agreed - any mechanism that converts mass to energy or one form of energy to another is going to lose some of that energy in the conversion - the result simply can't be the sum of the original parts - if it were you'd have a perfect, self-sufficient, non-energy consuming system, which simply cannot exist according to the 2nd law. #blackholes
11/05/09
Sounds like it might have pretty spectacular failure modes. #blackholes
11/04/09
11/04/09
I don't know about you guys, but I'm going to go about eating all the radioactive material I can find lying around. Eventually something will give me absorbing powers. #blackholes
11/04/09
If it's possible, it's being done and being done everywhere.
The evidence of its pollution should be everywhere.
No black hole technology pollution.
No black hole technology.
No black hole technology.
No life elsewhere .
Show's over. Nothing to see. #blackholes
11/04/09
11/04/09
Besides, you contradict yourself. The evidence of its pollution should be everywhere only if there's life elsewhere and they are using this technology. The fact that we aren't detecting it doesn't mean *both* there's no life and there's no black hole technology - it means one or the other (or it means nothing, since we couldn't detect it anyway). #blackholes
11/04/09
If we are not unique (I was not consulted, so I shall not vote), it is statistically inconceivable that we are the first or will be the last, to do anything.
That band of possibility is billions of years wide and what we can 'see' of it goes right back to the beginning (not all of, but some of all).
You're right, there is no 'now' in the universe, anywhere except 'here' but their 'now' doesn't need to be 'close' or 'recent' (essentially the same thing).
They've had plenty of time. #blackholes
11/04/09
That it is both theoretically and practically possible and that its achievement is simply a matter of time, effort and engineering [on a long enough timescale practical difficulties and limits of resources simply cease to be relevant (or worth mentioning)].
If you choose to accept the basic premise, you choose to accept the pollution consequence (it's tied to the theoretical and practical premise).
If it's possible, its been done by others.
If it's been done by others, it produced pollution.
If it produced pollution, that pollution is detectable.
If we choose to look, we will detect it if it's there.
(The fact that we haven't yet, is because we haven't tried yet.)
If we try to detect it and don't, and at the end of that, still accept the basic premise, we must accept the conclusion.
At the moment we are alone by default.
Then we will be truly alone. #blackholes
11/04/09
So what I'm saying is, the light coming in from around us could very likely be showing us an image of a time before a certain species developed said technology. Perhaps millions of years before they did. Perhaps we are the most intelligent species so far in the universe, who knows. #blackholes
11/04/09
11/05/09
11/05/09
Perhaps many civilisations built BH generators - and they all went horribly wrong!
How do you determine the difference between a natural BH and an artificial one?
Could also be that our super-advanced neighbors have figured out, that this will never work, will work badly or have a high propensity for disaster, and have therefore found other means of producing energy and visiting other stars at their leisure. #blackholes
11/05/09
11/05/09
11/06/09
On the other side, there might not be somebody else with intelligence to invent this. And I understand that you think that if there is no one else out there, the inventing of such machines is not worth it, because that would mean the rest of the universe being duller than Earth. But even if there actually are no one else out there, we would still some day need to get away from Earth (if nothing else does before, the Sun exploding will surely leave the Earth inhabitable) and we might need to travel far, travel fast. And in addition, by trying to figure out how to make machines like these function properly, I guess we would learn a lot, even if we don’t succeed.
My point is that we should try anyway, without consideration of there being or not being other species out there. Only if it is dangerous for someone/something (for instance us, our planet or other planets) should we avoid inventions (or attempts on inventions) like these.
11/04/09
11/04/09
11/04/09
11/04/09
Kinda like playing Mafia Wars on FB. #blackholes
11/04/09
-
That, and H.R.Giger designs the housing. #blackholes
11/04/09
Those two sections discuss alternative ideas for interstellar travel and why they're not feasible at this point. #blackholes
11/04/09
11/04/09
11/04/09
The upshot is that the authors propose a lot of *very* interesting ideas and questions, well worth studying in detail, but don't answer any of them, which is a little disappointing (though not entirely unexpected, because this isn't high-school physics where everything has an easy answer).
Regarding the "using BHs to create more BHs" issue and associated concerns that the 2nd law of thermodynamics might be circumvented, that isn't the case.
The authors propose that the first BH (or SBH, for subatomic BH, as they call it) be created with a focussed spherically-shaped laser in the gamma-ray part of the spectrum. Think of it as a firing squad spread around a circle, shooting at the same time towards the center of the circle. Now think of doing that using lasers rather than bullets and using a tiny sphere rather than a circle. The squeezing of so much energy into such a small volume would create a subatomic BH.
The problem is that this is not very efficient, and that's where using BHs to create BHs comes in. Once a few BHs have been created by the inefficient method, these BHs can be allowed to evaporate (that is, shrink due to Hawking radiation) and their Hawking radiation can be harnessed and focussed into some small volume, creating another BH.
This does NOT violate the 2nd law of thermodynamics. It merely uses a more efficient producer of energy (a pre-existing BH rather than a laser). However, in isolation (that is, without continually feeding mass to the BHs already in existence) this process cannot continue forever, because *that* would be a violation of the 2nd law.
So, those commenters here on io9 who said that this isn't a violation of the 2nd law and that this is merely a better energy-conversion process are entirely correct. #blackholes
11/04/09
David Cronenberg will be known as the 20th century Jules Verne in a couple century #blackholes
11/04/09
11/04/09
11/04/09
What about inertia?
Wait a gosh darn minute...this sounds familiar. #blackholes
11/04/09
11/04/09
[en.wikipedia.org] #blackholes
11/04/09
11/04/09
11/04/09
Rather, it uses exotic matter (matter with a negative energy density) distributed in such a way that the geometry of the spacetime surrounding the ship is flat inside a bubble (hence no inertial effects), but curved outside. The curvature on the surface of the bubble behind the ship is different than that ahead of the ship, so the stresses in spacetime "push" the bubble forward.
And during all that, you're comfortably inside the bubble, in a region where spacetime is flat.
It's an awesome idea and totally possible theoretically, were it not for the fact that it requires a form of matter that, as far as we know, simply doesn't exist. #blackholes
11/04/09
11/04/09
11/04/09
When you get close to the event horizon the difference in the gravity, even at short distances, is so great that it will pull the ship apart faster than the ship can fall in as a whole. #blackholes
11/04/09
11/04/09
Or, in less dramatic terms, extreme tidal effects. #blackholes
11/04/09
11/04/09
11/05/09
11/06/09
It would be the new bulimia I suppose... #blackholes
11/07/09
11/04/09
1PM - 2PM Earth to spaceship
2PM -3PM spaceship to hell
3PM - 3PM ???
3PM - 4PM long wait in orbit around Neptune #blackholes
11/04/09
11/04/09
11/04/09
I always found it implausible, because in order to move the black hole forward, you'd need to create an amount of energy equivalent to the amount of energy that the black hole is pulling you towards it with, thus cancelling out the effect. #blackholes
11/04/09
11/04/09
11/04/09
Create one in front of the ship, it lies stable in spacetime (black holes are not drawn/do not fall towards matter), thus making the ship fall towards it. Cancel the black hole before you get to close. That should give some forward momentum. Rinse and repeat.
This would still require a black hole generator mounted on the hood and a smart contraption that cancels the blackhole without causing a 1 AU blastradius. #blackholes
11/04/09
11/04/09
11/04/09
Somehow that doesn't seem right. Am I not getting something here? #blackholes
11/04/09
11/04/09
11/04/09
11/04/09
11/04/09
11/04/09
11/04/09
11/04/09